Centre for Nanomaterials (CNM)
Silica Aerogel Flexible Sheets for Thermal Insulation Application
Overview
ARCI has embarked on world class product development, “Silica aerogel flexible sheets” for thermal insulation application with the objectives of indigenization under the ‘Make in India’ initiative. Silica aerogel is an ultra-low density nanoporous material known for its best thermal insulation property in wide temperatures range from -50 to 800°C. In spite of all the potential benefits of aerogels, its commercial use was restricted due to its fragile nature. ARCI’s product made up of fiber-aerogel composite overcomes this limitation by making it mechanically stronger and flexible. The silica aerogel in this product has a special property of infra-red radiation reflection which helps to minimize the heat loss by radiation at high temperature. The product possesses all the properties ideally required as the best thermal insulation material such as low thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, chemical resistance, good compressive strength, light weight, moisture resistance, fire resistance etc.
Key Features
- Thickness : 5 – 25 mm
- Thermal stability : - 50to 800 oC
- Thermal conductivity : 0.04W/mK at RT (Transient plane method)
- Density : 0.2 g/cc
- Good Mechanical strength
- Neutral in pH (water vapours passing through show pH 7) and non-corrosive
- Hydrophobic; if immersed in water for 5 hours, < 1% water is retained in the sheet
- Breathable
Potential Applications
- Thermal insulation in sectors like
- Power plants, oil & gas industries
- Architectural
- Automotive
- Defence and Aerospace
- Heat / cold storages
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI) 
- Aerogel sheet production up-scaled to 300 x 3000 mm size
- Tailored to achieve all the characteristics for ideal insulation material
- Technology transferred to an Indian Industry for commercialization
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Major Patents / Publications
Major Patents
- An improved process for producing silica aerogel thermal insulation product with increased efficiency, Neha Hebalkar, Application number: 2141/DEL/2015
Ultrafine Aluminum Powder for Propellant Applications
Overview
Ultrafine aluminum powder (UFAP) is commonly used in a wide variety of applications like rocket propellant additives, thermite mixtures, paints and hydrogen generation. The fineness of these powders allow ignition at lower temperature and due to their high surface area, the combustion is complete. Though UFAP can be synthesized by a number of techniques, radio frequency induction plasma (RFIP) offers inherent advantages over other techniques. The purity of the powder is ensured since RFIP setup has no electrodes. The productivity is also reasonably high ~0.5-1 kg/hr, depending upon the feed rate. The precursor powder is fed into the plasma plume by argon carrier gas which melts and vaporises due to high plasma temperature. The quench gas passed from the bottom of the plasma plume nucleates the vapours into nano-sized spherical particles which are collected in a filter.
Key Features
- Metallic aluminium content as high as 90%
- Increased burning rate due to nano-size
- Capability to make Al nano powder in large quantities
- Ability to tailor the particle size and its distribution
- Predominantly displays an exothermic peak compared to micron sized Al powder
Potential Applications
- Additives for both solid as well as liquid propellants
- Sintering additives
- Coating applications
- Thermite welding applications
- Hydrogen generation
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Synthesis of powder at kg levels was demonstrated
- One kg of powder delivered to SF Complex, Jagdalpur, DRDO for field trials
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Cu-Cr-CNT Composite for Electrical Contact Applications
Overview
Copper based alloys being used currently for electrical contactors have lower electrical conductivity due to the presence of alloying elements. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as reinforcements in Cu are used to improve the electrical conductivity without compromising on the strength. The performance of CNT/metal–matrix composites depends on proper dispersion of individual CNTs in the metallic matrix and effective interfacial bonding between CNTs and the matrix. Efforts have been made to successfully develop such composites by adopting a suitable processing technique and optimising the composition to meet the above requirements.
Key Features
- Improved hardness (150 BHN) at an acceptable electrical conductivity (60% IACS)
- Ability to process in the form of rod, wire and sheets
Potential Applications
- Current carrying conductors
- Spot welding electrodes
- Electrical contacts
- Friction parts
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Coupon level testing was carried out
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Solar electrochemical nano-electrode for H2 generation /CO2 conversion
Overview
Photoelectrochemical electrodes exhibiting solar photon absorptivity and long sustainability (>1000hrs) are being developed to achieve 7% solar-to-hydrogen (STH) ratio. Nanostructure semiconductor/chalcogenide and composites (CdS, CdSe, Ga-In phosphide) are important systems used in photoelectrochemical cells (PEC). There is need to develop stable photoelectrode or improve the life of known systems (Fe2O3, II-VI metal chalcogenide as CdS, CdZnS). CdS/ CIGS/Si are efficient systems which need to be modified by nanostructuring for sustainable performance. This is best suited with nano-(Ti/Ni oxide) and nano-MoS2 based systems.
Key Features
- Simple solution process for electrode (film) deposition
- High solar absorption and improved stability
- Scalable manufacturing process
Potential Applications
- Solar PEC H2 generator, Fuel gas-cooking, cutting, welding
- Optical material for absorber, photo-chromic display, LED, solar cell
- CO2 conversion to usable fuel
- Pollutant removal under solar light
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Performance is validated at laboratory scale
- Sustainable performance under simulated conditions
- Solar-to-hydrogen (STH) ratio of > 3% for stable performing electrodes
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Major Patents / Publications
Major Patents
- Indian patent granted on " Method of Deposition of double perovskite of Sr Fe Nb-O film on substrate by spray coating technique & the coated substrate thereof” invented by P.H.Borse, - IN 2014DE01151A, Nov 6, 2015
- Borse, P.H.et.al Stable hydrogen generation from Ni- and Co-based co-catalysts in supported CdS PEC cell Dalton Transactions, 2016; 45 (27), 11120-11128
- Borse PH. et.al. Nanoniobia modification of CdS photoanode for an efficient and stable photoelectrochemical cell. Langmuir 2014;30(51):15540-15549
2D-Nanolayered Transition Metal Sulfides (2D-NTMS)
Overview
Two dimensional nanosheet-like structure in sulfides of transition metals (tungsten and molybdenum) have shown wide range of attractive properties, which can be harnessed for various applications such as catalyst or lubricant in petrochemical and automotive sectors, electrode material for Li-ion batteries and electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), etc. However, the absence of commercially viable routes for their synthesis in bulk quantity and reproducible quality has been a major issue hindering their commercial exploitation. Recently, a novel technique has been developed by ARCI to generate such 2D structure in WS2 and MoS2. The process offers unique control capabilities to synthesize tailor-made 2D nanolayered structure in these sulfides in bulk amount. Based on the application and/or required properties, the size and thickness of these nanosheets can be altered by changing various process control parameters.
Key Features
- Synthesis of pure as well as mixed WS2/MoS2nanosheet powders
- Synthesis of doped-WS2/MoS2nanosheet powders
- Reasonably good oxidation resistance
- Feasibility to synthesize 2D-nanostructures of other transition metal sulphides
- Scalable process for bulk production
Potential Applications
- Solid lubricant for aerospace and automotive sector
- Solid lubricant for forging and other manufacturing processes
- Additive to automobile Lub-oil
- Additive to grease for improved performance under high shear stress
- Petrochem catalyst
- Electrocatalyst for HER
- Li-ion battery electrode
- Self-lubricating composites and coatings (metallic/ceramics/polymer)
- Sensors and actuators
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Stability in air validated at laboratory scale
- Consistency of the powder grade tested
- Scale-up of reactor underway
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Major Patents / Publications
Major Patents
- J. Joardar and M.S. Sylvester, Indian Patent (Ap. No. 1703/DEL/2012).
High Performance Varistors made from Doped ZnO Nanopowders
Overview
ZnO varistors is a polycrystalline ceramic over-voltage protection device whose primary function is to sense and regulate over voltage surge. The device is used in small electronics circuits to large transmission lines due to its high nonlinear current-voltage characteristics with large energy dissipation capabilities. ARCI have developed high performance varistors from nanopowders using novel process and compositions. The process of making doped ZnO nanopowder is very simple (single step) and cost effective. The synthesis parameters and compositions have been optimized for lightening arrestor application at pilot scale level. These nanopowders can be sintered at much lower temperatures with lesser time compared to commercial micron-powders. Breakdown field of 21 kV/cm, low leakage current density of 0.7 µA/cm2 and coefficient of nonlinearity greater than commercial (90) have been obtained.
Key Features
- Patented technology
- Lower sintering temperature and time compared to micron powders
- Order of magnitude higher breakdown field, 2-3 times coefficient of nonlinearity and comparable leakage current density
Potential Applications
- Power engineering
- Automobile industry
- Household electronics
- Telecommunications
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Electrical properties tested
- Scale-up to pilot level
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Major Patents / Publications
Major Publications
- An improved process for the preparation for doped ZnO nanopowder useful for the preparation of varistors, K. Hembram, T.N. Rao and R. Sundaresan, Indian Patent No. 254913.
- Improved composition and method of preparation of high performance ZnO varistors, K. Hembram, A.R. Kulkarni, R. S. Srinivasa and T.N.Rao, Indian Patent Application No.# 2765/del/2015.
- K. Hembram, T.N.Rao, R.S. Srinivasa and A. R. Kulkarni, High performance varistor made from doped ZnO nanopowders by pilot-scale flame spray pyrolyser: sintering, microstructure and properties, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 35 (2015), 3535-3544.
Fe- based cerametallic friction pads for clutch plates of heavy vehicles
Overview
Sintered Fe-Cu based cerametallic friction materials/pads for clutch and brakes of commercial heavy vehicles like trucks and tractors are presently being imported. These friction pads are riveted to steel back plates and fixed to the carrier plates before assembling in the clutch housing. The life of the friction pad is limited to the depth of the rivet; limiting 100% utilisation of the friction material/pad and with usage, the failure is initiated along the rivet hole. Further, rigid bonding introduces a little discomfort arising out of judder while driving. The project involves innovative methods of replacing riveted clutch buttons with bonding of friction cookies directly onto the clutch plate, dispensing with the requirement of the additional steel back plate. A patented technology with reduced number of processing steps with compositional change and indigenous equipment design has been developed to increase driving comfort along with increased life of clutch system.
Key Features
- Use of non carcinogenic materials
- Improved wear and coefficient of friction
- Fe-based sintered pad
- Flexibility of single or dual sintered friction pads
- Indigenous equipment for processing
- Reduced post sintering operations
- Production level manufacturing process
Potential Applications
- Clutch and brakes of heavy commercial vehicles
- Aircraft brakes
- Passenger vehicles like buses
- Wind mill applications
- Railways
- Military tanks
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Performance and stability are validated at laboratory scale
- Prototype level demonstrated
- Scale up design of equipment and technology available
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Major Patents / Publications
Major Publications
- Malobika. K and A. Siva Kumar, ‘A Process and a Multi Piston Hot Press for Producing Powder Metallurgy Components, such as Cerametallic Friction Composites’, application no. 3844/DEL/2011, dtd. 28.12.2011
Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steels for High Temperature Applications
Overview
Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) Ferritic-Martensitic/Ferritic/Austenitic steels are endowed with high temperature strength and resistance to creep, fatigue, oxidation and hot corrosion. Hence, these steels are potential candidates for the components in nuclear reactors, gas and ultra super critical steam turbines which are exposed to temperatures up to about 700°C. The high temperature properties of ODS steels are due to the fine grained microstructure, nanosized oxide (Y-Ti-O complex) dispersoids and stability of the microstructure at high temperatures. ARCI has embarked on major programmes for development and demonstration of technologies for the manufacture of blades for ultra super critical steam turbines, clad tubes of fast breeder reactor and high pressure compressor and low pressure turbine blades for gas turbines.
Key Features
- High operating temperature of 650-700°C
- High yield strength and creep resistance
- Potential candidates to replace nickel based super alloys
- Resistance to swelling under irradiation
- Established manufacturing processes
Potential Applications
- Blades for ultra super critical steam turbines
- High pressure compressor and low pressure turbine blades of gas turbines
- Clad tubes for nuclear reactors
- Structural materials for fusion reactors
- Other high temperature applications
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Established manufacturing processes at pilot plant scale
- Performance and stability are validated at prototype level
- Further evaluation is underway
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Major Patents / Publications
Major Patents
- M. Nagini, R. Vijay, M. Ramakrishna, A.V. Reddy and G. Sundararajan, “Effect of duration of milling on microstructural and mechanical properties of ODS-9Cr steel”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 620 (2014) 490-499.
- M. Nagini, R. Vijay, Koteswararao V. Rajulapati, K. Bhanu Sankara Rao, M. Ramakrishna, A.V. Reddy and G. Sundararajan, “Effect of process parameters on microstructure and hardness of oxide dispersion strengthened 18Cr ferritic steel”, Metall Mater. Trans. A, 47 (2016) 4197-4209.
- K. Suresh, M. Nagini, R. Vijay, M. Ramakrishna, Ravi C. Gundakaram, A.V. Reddy and G. Sundararajan, Microstructural studies of oxide dispersion strengthened austenitic steels, Mater. Design, 110 (2016) 519-525.
Large Scale Production of Cathode and Anode Electrode Materials by Cost-effective Process
Overview
Lithium ion batteries play an important role in the field of electric vehicle (EV) industries due to their high energy density and power density in comparison to other secondary batteries. As there is a great demand for large quantities of electrode materials for EV application, ARCI is working on development of nano-structured electrode materials in large scale by cost-effective processes. Amongst the electrode materials, LiFePO4 (cathode) and Li4Ti5O12 (anode) have promising chemistry for electric vehicle batteries due to their high energy density, structural and thermal stability. Both these materials have been successfully synthesized in large quantities and exhibit promising electrochemical performance compared to commercial electrode materials.
Key Features
- Large scale production of both anode and cathode materials.
- Simple, economic and scalable processing method.
- Performance of these materials as LIB electrodes are better than the commercial ones
Potential Applications
- High energy density cathode for electric vehicles
- High energy density and thermally stable anode for electric vehicles
- Other portable devices where LIB s are used.
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Performance and stability are validated at laboratory scale
- Scale-up has been carried out successfully
- Prototype testing is under process using pilot plant facility.
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Mesoporous carbon for high performing Supercapacitors
Overview
The nanostructured materials particularly, mesoporous carbon is considered attractive electrode material for supercapacitor application owing to its promising characteristics like well-ordered pore structure, high surface area, narrow pore size distributions and large pore volume. ARCI is focussing on the synthesis of mesoporous carbon by nanocasting method, evaporation induced self-assembly and from various bio-wastes. This shows significant increase in specific capacitance and capacitance retention at high rates in comparison with commercial activated carbon. The high performance of mesoporous carbon is attributed to its excellent textural parameters (high specific surface area, large pore volume, ordered carbon etc.,) which assist in large flow of the electrolyte ions to the active surface sites and makes the surface of mesoporous carbon more favourable for charging the double layer.
Key Features
- Facile synthesis of mesoporous carbon
- Synthesis of ordered graphitic carbon, graphene like sheets
- Excellent textural parameters
- Specific capacitance higher than commercial carbon
- High energy density based supercapacitor
- Scalable manufacturing process
Potential Applications
- Automotive transport (electric bus, electric bicycles, electric cars)
- Consumer electronics (voltage stabiliser, grid power buffer, street lamps)
- Energy recovery (trams, cranes, tractors)
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Synthesis and electrochemical performance at laboratory scale
- Bulk-scale-up synthesis is underway
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Transparent ceramics by Spark Plasma Sintering
Overview
Transparent alumina with maximum transmittance 80% was obtained over the entire mid-IR wavelength range of 3–5 μm by applying a high stress of 275 MPa at 1150°C using specially designed high-strength compound dies in SPS. At lower stresses and sintering temperatures, transmittance reduced drastically due to remnant pores in the matrix as observed from the microstructural analysis. The effect of porosity was found to be critical in developing transparency as even a marginal decrease in porosity led to substantial increase in transmittance.
Key Features
- Transmittance > 80% achieved by optimal processing
- Full density achieved
- Porosity < 0.05% obtained
- Uniform grain size and high hardness
- Applied pressure plays a critical role in exhibiting transparency
Potential Applications
- Optical and optoelectronic applications
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- The conditions for obtaining best optical transmittance has been optimized in SPS
- FTIR studies indicate high transmittance close to single crystal sapphire
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Major Patents / Publications
Major Publications
- Dibyendu Chakravarty, G. Sundararajan 93, 951-53, 2010, Journal of the American Ceramic Society
Alumina Based Cutting Tool Inserts by Spark Plasma Sintering
Overview
The addition of nanocrystalline ZrO2 and TiCN to ultrafine Al2O3 and their consolidation by spark plasma sintering (SPS) yields good microstructure and better mechanical properties which enhance the performance of cutting tools made from them. The distribution of the nanoparticles depends on their overall concentration leading to proper densification. Maximum hardness (21 GPa) and indentation toughness (5.5 MPa m1/2) was obtained with 23 vol% nanoparticles, which was considered as the optimum composition. Cutting tool inserts were developed by SPS with the optimized composition and their machining performance was compared with commercial alumina based inserts. Increased toughness in the nanocomposite inserts reflects in the machining performance as the tool life improves drastically compared to that of the commercial inserts at high cutting speeds ≥ 500 m/min.
Key Features
- Low processing temperature of 1150-1200°C
- Short processing times of 5-10 mins
- Full density achieved
- High hardness and indentation toughness in composites
- Increase in toughness manifests in increased tool life at high cutting speeds
- Tool life almost nine times higher than commercial inserts
Potential Applications
- Cutting tool inserts for machining hardened steels
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Processing by SPS has been optimized in terms of mechanical properties
- Cutting performance evaluation at laboratory scale
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Major Patents / Publications
Major Publications
- Dibyendu Chakravarty, G. Sundararajan 33, 2597-2607, 2013, Journal of the European Ceramic Society
W-1 wt%La2O3 Composite for Plasma Facing Components
Overview
Among the refractory metals, tungsten possesses excellent combination of high temperature properties and high melting point (highest of all metals). Also it exhibits low sputtering yield under irradiation. Therefore, tungsten is the suitable candidate material for the plasma facing component (PFC). However, W suffers from high ductile–brittle transition and low recrystallization temperatures which limit the application of commercial W. These drawbacks are to some extent addressed by the incorporation of oxide or carbide particles having high thermodynamic stability in tungsten. Among the W composites, lanthanum oxide dispersion strengthened tungsten (WLa2O3) exhibits higher recrystallization temperature with only marginal decrease in thermal conductivity compared to pure W. ARCI has successfully developed this composite material with a relative density of 97.5% having a grain size of 10 ±2 µm.
Key Features
- Consolidated using two-step sintering process to achieve pore-boundary separation
- Relative density as high as 97.5%
- Grain size of tungsten 10 ±2 µm.
- Hardness of 600 HV1
- Component size range: 30 – 100 mm diameter
Potential Applications
- • Plasma facing components
- TIG welding electrodes
- High temperature heat shields / reflectors
- Furnace parts
- Heating elements
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Consistency of processing this composite on coupon level is achieved
- Density, hardness and microstructural parameters meets the criteria for the selection of PFCs
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Silica Aerogel Granules for Thermal Insulation Application
Overview
Silica aerogels are world’s best thermal insulation materials. These are nanoporous material with ultra low density. Literally aerogels mean air filled gels. Monolithic pure silica aerogels are highly fragile in nature and this was the major decelerating factor for its commercial use. This led to make new usable forms of silica aerogel namely flexible sheets made up by fibre reinforcement and granular aerogel. ARCI has embarked on world class product of silica aerogel flexible sheets and it is under commercialization. Granular silica aerogels are also developed at ARCI using a novel method for which the patent has been applied. Granular silica aerogel can be very conveniently used in many ways such as by filling them around the object to be insulated or these can be sandwiched between metal, glass, wood plates, fabric etc. and also can be used as an additive to paints, cement, bricks, insulation panels etc.
Key Features
- Granule size : ~ 1 mm (Tuneable)
- Packing density: 0.07 g/cc
- Thermal stability : - 200 oC to 800 oC
- Surface area: ~ 800 m2/g
- Thermal conductivity: 0.03 W/mK at RT (transient plane method)
- Colour : Translucent or opaque or black (depending on functionality)
- In-situ carbon doping for IR opacification possible
- Hydrophilic or hydrophobic
Potential Applications
Thermal insulating- Paints
- Building material such as cement, bricks, wall plaster etc
- Window panel
- Textiles
- Heat / cold storages
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- ~ 1kg of silica aerogel granules can be produced in one batch from presently available lab production facility
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Major Patents / Publications
Major Patents
- Patent : Improved method for producing carbon containing silica aerogel granules, Neha Hebalkar Application No. 2406/DEL/2010
Solar Hydrogen Generating Nanostructures Photocatalyst
Overview
Low cost and eco-friendly solar active photocatalytic material is highly desirable to generate hydrogen fuels. Nanostructured ferrite (Fe2O3, MFe2O4) and composite systems are potential candidates which can give high quantum yield for water splitting. Titanates (TiO2) lack the ability to absorb visible light photons. There is need to identify and develop such photocatalysts. Fe2O3 and II-VI metal chalcogenide (CdS, CdZnS) systems exhibit ability to absorb solar light photons as well as proper band energetics to split water molecule. They can be used in slurry type solar hydrogen generator.
Key Features
- Rapid nanocrystalline photocatalyst synthesis
- Eco-friendly green photocatalyst
- Scalable synthesis method
Potential Applications
- Solar Hydrogen generator, Fuel gas-cooking, cutting, welding
- Optical material for absorber, photo-chromic display
- Photo-decomposition- Pollutant removal
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Performance is validated at laboratory scale
- Efficient improvement
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Major Patents / Publications
Major Patents
- Dom, R, Chary, AS , Borse, PH. Solar hydrogen generation from spinel ZnFe2O4 photocatalyst: Effect of synthesis methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH 2015;39(10):1378-1390
- Borse PH et.al.. Synthesis of a hydrogen producing nanocrystalline ZnFe2O4 visible light photocatalyst using a rapid microwave irradiation method. RSC Advances 2012;2(33):12782-91
- Borse PH, et al.. Fabrication of CaFe2O4/MgFe2O4 bulk heterojunction for enhanced visible light photocatalysis. Chemical Communications 2009(39):5889-91
Nano fibre coatings on filter media for high performance air filters
Overview
Polymer nanofiber coatings on standard filtration medium have significantly improved the performance of automotive air filters. Nanofibers having diameter less than 500 nm with extremely high specific surface area, adequate porosity and small pores make them suitable candidates for high performance air filters because of high filtration efficiency and dust holding capacity with minimum pressure drop. Tiny particles in the order of less 0.5 µm can easily be trapped in electro spun nanofibers due to high surface to volume ratio.
Key Features
- High surface area
- High filtration efficiency
- High surface cohesion
- Simple and scalable manufacturing process
- Present productivity at ARCI: 500X1000 Sq mm/min
Potential Applications
- Automotive air filters
- Mining vehicles cabin air filters
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Performance and stability are validated at laboratory scale
- Performance was tested at industry.
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Major Patents / Publications
Major Patents
- A novel method for measurement of porosity in nanofiber mat using pycnometer in filtration”, S.Sudhakara Sarma, T.N.Rao, Journal of engineered fibres and fabric, vol 8, issue 4,2013.
- Fabrication of compound nanofibers for antibacterial applications in filtration, S. Sudhakara Sarma, IJETAE,vol 4, issue 5, 2014.
Multifunctional Titania Microspheres for Self Cleaning Applications
Overview
Key Features
- Titania microspheres suspension in water at neutral pH
- Efficient photocatalyst
- Anti-bacterial
- UV absorber
- Visible light reflector
- Simple and scalable chemical synthesis
- Novel process for which patent is applied
Potential Applications
- Self cleaning textiles
- Air purification
- Water purification
- Organic effluent treatment
- Additive to exterior building paint for self cleaning walls
Intellectual Property Development Indices (IPDI)
- Self cleaning and other properties validated at lab scale
- Scale-up upto 200 g per batch production established at lab scale
- Successfully commercialized for textile application
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Major Patents / Publications
Major Patents
- Improved method of producing highly stable aqueous nano titania suspension, Neha Yeshwanta Hebalkar and Tata Narasinga Rao, Application No. : 730/DEL/2009
- Improved process for the preparation of bi-functional silica particles useful for antibacterial and self cleaning surfaces , Neha Hebalkar, Tata Narasinga Rao, Application No. 3071/DEL/2010
- Method of producing multifunctional, self assembled, mixed phase titania spheres, Neha Hebalkar, Tata N. Rao, Application no. 3777/DEL/2014